From imported raw materials to certified industrial systems: How Europe retains value by near-sourcing processing and engineering
Europe’s industrial debate still gravitates toward raw materials—who controls mines, who secures concentrates, who dominates upstream supply. For operators and shareholders, however, the decisive battleground is no longer extraction. It is conversion: the sequence of processing, fabrication, testing, certification, and system integration that transforms imported inputs into bankable, deliverable industrial systems. Europe’s ability to retain value depends […]
